INDIAN SCIENTISTS

INDIAN SCIENTISTS


1. SUSHRUTA

Sushruta was born in 600 BC. He is known as the father of Indian surgery.He was the writer of the first book of surgery ‘Sushruta Samhita’. He was a skilled anaesthetist who gave medicated wine to patients to numb their senses before a surgery. He was also the first to perform a caesarean operation. He discovered the art of cataract crouching.

2. J.C. BOSE

Jagadish Chandra Bose was born on November 30 1858. He proved that much like human beings, plants too respond to pain. He conducted research on electophysiology of excitation in plant and animal tissues. Bose devised several precision instruments for research. He established the Bose Insitute at kolkata.

3. P.C. RAY

Prafulla chandra Ray Was born on August 2 1861. He wa the father of Indian Chemical industry. He was a promoter of chemical education and chemical reasearch. From waste cattle bones he prepared phosphate of soda crystals. In 1896 he discovered mercurous nitrate.

4. C.V. RAMAN

Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman was born on November 7, 1888. C.V. Raman is renowned for his discovery of the ‘Raman Effect’ in 1928., for which he got Nobel prize in 1930. He conducted reseach on molecular refraction of light, colour of flowers and plants, diffraction of X-rays and physics of crystals. HE was the founder director of Raman Research Institute, Bangalore.

5. MEGHNAD SAHA

He was born on october 6, 1893. HE presented the ‘Ionisation Formula’. Which explains the importance of spectra lines in spectrum. HE investigated on the theory of relativity, thermal ionisation of atoms, theory of solar corona, etc. The ‘Saha Eqution’ relating to stellar spectra is considered India’s precious gift to science in 20th century. He founded the National Academy of Sciences and the National Institute of Sciences.

6. SATYANDRA NATH BOSE

He was born on January 1, 1894 at kolkata. He was a renowned physicist who along with Albert Einstein formulated a general ststistics of quantum system called ‘Bose-Einstein ststistics’. He modified Planck’s Law of quantum theory and the theory of relativity. He conducted research on X-ray spectroscopy and unified field theory.

7. SHANTI SWARUP BHATNAGAR

He was born on february 21, 1894. He conducted research on emulsions and colloids. He rasearched to make wax odourless, to refine kerosene, to increse flame height aand to make petroleum waste in the oil industry. In his memory, the “Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize”, for Science and Technology, is given every year.

MOONS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM

MOONS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM


There are 169 known natural moons orbiting planets in our Solar System. 165 moons orbit the planets (Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune), while 4 moons orbit the smaller "dwarf planets" (Pluto, Eris, and Ceres).

yeardiscovered, discoverer, distance fromplanet (km) diameter(km) orbital period(days)

Mercury - 0 Moons

Venus - 0 Moons

Earth - 1 Moon

Moon (or Luna) ? 384400 3476 27.322

Mars - 2 Moons

Deimos 1877 A. Hall 23,460 8 1.263

Phobos 1877 A. Hall 9,270 28X20 0.319



Jupiter - 63 Moons


yeardiscovered , discoverer , distance fromplanet (km) , diameter(km) , orbital period(days)


Adrastea 1979 Jewitt & Danielson 128,980 26 X 16 0.298

Aitne 2001 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 23,547,000 3 736

Amalthea 1892 E. Barnard 181,300 262 X 134 0.498

Ananke 1951 S. Nicholson 21,200,000 20 631

Aoede 2003 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 23,807,655 4 748.8

Arche 2002 S. Sheppard 23,064,000 3 715.6

Autonoe 2001 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 24,122,000 4 753

Callisto 1610 Galileo 1,883,000 4,800 16.689

Carme 1938 S. Nicholson 22,600,000 30 692

Callirrhoe 2000 Spacewatch ProjectMinor Planet Center 24,200,000 10 774

Carpo 2003 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 17,100,000 3 456.5

Chaldene 2000 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, Y. Fernandez, & G. Magnier 23,179,000 3.8 741

Cyllene 2003 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 24,000,000 2 737.8

Elara 1905 C. Perrine 11,737,000 80 259.65

Erinome 2000 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, Y. Fernandez, & G. Magnier 23,279,000 3.2 672

Euanthe 2001 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 21,017,000 3 622

Eukelade 2003 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 24,557,295 4 237.0

Euporie 2001 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 19,394,000 2 534

Europa 1610 Galileo 670,900 3126 3.551

Eurydome 2001 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 23,219,000 3 713

Ganymede 1610 Galileo 1,070,000 5276 7.155

Harpalyke 2000 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, Y. Fernandez, & G. Magnier 21,105,000 4.3 595

Hegemone 2003 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 24,514,095 3 781.6

Helike 2003 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 10,972,830 4 233.8

Hermippe 2001 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 21,252,000 4 630

Himalia 1904 C. Perrine 11,480,000 170 250.57

Io 1610 Galileo 421,600 3,629 1.769

Iocaste 2000 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, Y. Fernandez, & G. Magnier 21,269,000 5.2 657

Isonone 2000 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, Y. Fernandez, & G. Magnier 23,217,000 3.8 712

Kale 2001 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 23,124,000 2 609

Kallichore 2003 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 22,395,390 2 683.0

Kalyke 2000 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, Y. Fernandez, & G. Magnier 23,583,000 5.2 760

Kore 2003 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 24,543,000 2 779.2

Leda 1974 C. Kowal 11,094,000 10 238.72

Lysithea 1938 S. Nicholson 11,720,000 24 259.22

Magaclite 2000 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, Y. Fernandez, & G. Magnier 23,806,000 5.4 771

Metis 1979 S. Sunnott 127,960 40 0.295

Mneme 2003 Scott S. Sheppard & B. Gladman 21,069,000 2 620.04

Orthosie 2001 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 21,168,000 2 617

Pasiphae 1908 P. Melotte 23,500,000 36 735

Pasithee 2001 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 23,029,000 2 715

Praxidike 2000 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, Y. Fernandez, & G. Magnier 21,147,000 6.8 632

Sinope 1914 S. Nicholson 23,700,700 28 758

Sponde 2001 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 23,808,000 2 732

S/2000 J11 2000 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, Y. Fernandez, & G. Magnier 12,555,000 4.0 284.3

S/2003 J2 2003 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 28,570,410 2 982.5

S/2003 J3 2003 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 18,339,885 2 504.0

S/2003 J4 2003 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 23,257,920 2 723.2

S/2003 J5 2003 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 24,084,180 4 759.7

S/2003 J9 2003 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 22,441,680 1 683.0

S/2003 J10 2003 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 24,249,600 2 767.0

S/2003 J12 2003 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 19,002,480 1 533.3

S/2003 J15 2003 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 22,000,000 2 668.4

S/2003 J16 2003 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 21,000,000 2 595.4

S/2003 J17 2003 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 22,000,000 2 690.3

S/2003 J18 2003 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 20,700,000 2 606.3

S/2003 J19 2003 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 22,800,000 2 701.3

S/2003 J 23 2003 Scott S. Sheppard 23,563,000 2 732.44

Taygete 2000 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, Y. Fernandez, & G. Magnier 23,360,000 5.0 687

Thebe 1979 S. Synnott 221,900 100 0.675

Thelxinoe 2003 Scott S. Sheppard & B. Gladman 21,162,000 2 628.09

Themisto 1975 C. Kowal & E. Roemer 7,507,000 8 130.07

Thyone 2001 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, & J. Kleyna 21,312,000 4 615


Saturn - 59 Moons

yeardiscover, discoverer, distance fromplanet (km), diameter(km), orbital period(days)

Aegir 2005 D. Jewitt, S. Sheppard, J. Kleyna 20,735,000 6 1,116.5

Albiorix 2000 Gladman et al. 16,392,000 30 783

Atlas 1980 R. Terrile 137,640 37 X 27 0.602

Bebhionn 2005 D. Jewitt, S. Sheppard, J. Kleyna 17,119,000 6 834.8

Bergelmir 2005 D. Jewitt, S. Sheppard, J. Kleyna 19,338,000 6 1,005.9

Bestla 2005 D. Jewitt, S. Sheppard, J. Kleyna 20,129,000 7 1,083.6

Calypso 1980 B. Smith 294,660 30 X 16 1.888

Daphnis 2005 Cassini Imaging Science Team 136,500 7 0.594

Dione 1684 G. Cassini 377,400 1120 2.737

Enceladus 1789 W. Herschel 238,020 498 1.370

Epimetheus 1966 R. Walker 151,422 138 X 110 0.694

Erriapo 2000 Intl. Team of 8 Astronomers 17,611,000 10 871.17

Farbauti 2005 D. Jewitt, S. Sheppard, J. Kleyna 20,390,000 5
1,086.1

Fenrir 2005 D. Jewitt, S. Sheppard, J. Kleyna 22,453,000 4 1,260.3

Fornjot 2005 D. Jewitt, S. Sheppard, J. Kleyna 25,108,000 6 1,490.9

Hati 2005 D. Jewitt, S. Sheppard, J. Kleyna 19,856,000 6 1,038.7

Helene 1980 Laques & Lecacheux 377,400 36 X 28 2.737

Hyperion 1848 W. Bond 1,481,000 360 X 226 21.277

Hyrokkin 2006 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, J. Kleyna 18,437,000 8 931.8

Iapetus 1671 G. Cassini 3,561,300 1436 14.72

Ijiraq 2000 Intl. Team of 8 Astronomers 11,440,000 14 451.48

Janus 1966 A. Dollfus 151,472 190 X 154 0.695

Kari 2006 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, J. Kleyna 22,118,000 7 1,233.6

Kiviuq 2000 Intl. Team of 8 Astronomers 11,365,000 17 449.22

Loge 2006 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, J. Kleyna 23,065,000 6 1,312.0

Methone 2004 C.C. Porco et al./Cassini 194,000 3 1.01

Mimas 1789 W. Herschel 185,520 398 0.942

Mundilfari 2000 Intl. Team of 8 Astronomers 18,709,000 7 951.38

Narvi 2003 Scott S. Sheppard, David Jewitt, and Jan Kleyna 18,719,000 8 956.2

Paaliaq 2000 Intl. Team of 8 Astronomers 15,199,000 25 686.92

Pallene 2004 C.C. Porco et al./Cassini 211,000 4 1.14

Pan 1990 M. Showalter 133,630 19.32 0.5750

Pandora 1980 S. Collins 141,700 110 X 62 0.629

Phoebe 1898 W. Pickering 12,952,000 220 550.48

Polydeuces 2004 C.C. Porco et al./Cassini 377,400 4 2.74

Prometheus 1980 S. Collins 139,350 148 X 68 0.613

Rhea 1672 G. Cassini 527,040 1528 4.518

Siarnaq 2000 Intl. Team of 8 Astronomers 18,160,000 45 893.07

Skathi 2000 Intl. Team of 8 Astronomers 15,645,000 8 728.93

Skoll 2006 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, J. Kleyna 17,665,000 6 878.3

Surtur 2006 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, J. Kleyna 22,707,000 6 1,297.7

Suttungr 2000 Gladman et al. 19,470,000 7 1016.8

S/2004 S07 2004 D. Jewitt, S. Sheppard, J. Kleyna 19,800,000 6 1,103

S/2004 S12 2004 D. Jewitt, S. Sheppard, J. Kleyna 19,650,000 5 1,048

S/2004 S13 2004 D. Jewitt, S. Sheppard, J. Kleyna 18,450,000 6 906

S/2004 S17 2004 D. Jewitt, S. Sheppard, J. Kleyna 18,600,000 4 986

S/2006 S1 2006 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, J. Kleyna 18,981,135 6 970

S/2006 S3 2006 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, J. Kleyna 21,132,000 6 1,142

S/2006 S4 2006 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, J. Kleyna 18,105,000 6 905

S/2006 S6 2006 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, J. Kleyna 18,600,000 6 942

S/2007 S1 2007 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, J. Kleyna 17,920,000 7 895

S/2007 S2 2007 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, J. Kleyna 16,560,000 6 800


S/2007 S3 2007 S. Sheppard, D. Jewitt, J. Kleyna 20,518,500 5 1,100

Tarvos 2000 Intl. Team of 8 Astronomers 18,239,000 16 925.70

Telesto 1980 B. Smith 294,660 30 X 16 1.888

Tethys 1684 G. Cassini 294,660 1060 1.888

Thrymr 2000 Intl. Team of 8 Astronomers 20,470,000 7 1088.89

Titan 1655 C. Huygens 1,221,850 5150 15.945

Ymir 2000 Intl. Team of 8 Astronomers 23,096,000 20 1312.37


Uranus - 27 Moons

yeardiscover, discoverer, distance fromplanet (km), diameter(km), orbital period(days)

Ariel 1851 W. Lassell 191,240 1160 2.520

Belinda 1986 Voyager 2 75,260 66 0.624

Bianca 1986 Voyager 2 75,260 42 0.433

Caliban 1997 Gladman, Nicholson, Burns, & Kavelaars 7,200,000 80 579.5

Cordelia 1986 Voyager 2 49,750 26 0.335

Cressida 1986 Voyager 2 61,770 62 0.464

Cupid 2003 M. Showalter & J. Lissauer 74,800 12 0.618

Desdemona 1986 Voyager 2 62,660 54 0.474

Juliet 1986 Voyager 2 64,360 84 0.493

Mab 2003 M. Showalter & J. Lissauer 97,734 16 0.923

Margaret 2003 S. Sheppard 14,688,700 11 1,694.8

Miranda 1948 G. Kuiper 129,780 472 1.414

Oberon 1787 W. Herschel 582,600 1526 13.463

Ophelia 1986 Voyager 2 53,440 30.4 0.3764

Portia 1986 Voyager 2 66,085 108 0.513

Prospero 1999 Kavelaars, Gladman, Holman et al 16,256,000 30 5.346

Puck 1985 Voyager 2 86,010 154 0.762

Rosalind 1986 Voyager 2 69,941 54 0.558

Setebos 1999 Kavelaars, Gladman, Holman et al 17,418,000 47 2,234.8

Stephano 1999 Kavelaars, Gladman, Holman et al 8,004,000 32 677.4

Sycorax 1997 Gladman, Nicholson, Burns, & Kavelaars 12,200,000 160 1283.39

S/1986 U10 1986 E. Karkoschka/Voyager 2 76,420 20 0.638

S/2001 U2 2001 M. Holman & B. Gladman et al 20,901,000 12 2,887.21

S/2001 U3 2001 M. Holman & B. Gladman et al 4,281,000 12 266.6

Titania 1787 W. Herschel 435,840 1580 8.706

Trinculo 200 M. Holman, J. Kavelaars & D. Milisavljevic 8,578,000 10 759.0

Umbriel 1851 W. Lassel 265,970 1190 4.144



Neptune - 13 Moons

yeardiscovered, discoverer, distance fromplanet (km), diameter(km), orbital period(days)

Despina 1989 Voyager 2 62,000 160 0.40

Galatea 1989 Voyager 2 52,500 140 0.33

Halimede 2002 M. Holman & J.J. Kavelaars 15,686,000 60 1,874.83

Larissa 1989 Voyager 2 73,600 200 0.56

Laomedeia 2002 M. Holman & J.J. Kavelaars 22,613,20 38 2,980.4

Naiad 1989 Voyager 2 48,200 50 0.30

Nereid 1949 G. Kuiper 5,513,400 340 360.16

Neso 2002 Holman & Gladman et al 47,279,670 60 9,007.1

Proteus 1989 Voyager 2 117,600 420 1.12

Psamathe 2003 D. Jewitt, J. Kleyna & S. Sheppard 46,738,000 38 9,136.11

Sao 2002 M. Holman & J.J. Kavelaars 22,337,190 38 2,925.6

Thalassa 1989 Voyager 2 50,000 90 0.31

Triton 1846 W. Lassel 354,800 2705 5.877



Dwarf Planets


Pluto - 3 Moons

yeardiscovered, discoverer, distance fromplanet (km), diameter(km), orbital period(days)

Charon 1978 J. Christy 19,571 1,207 6.387

Nix 2005 H.A. Weaver, S.A. Stern, et al. 48,675 44-130 24.856

Hydra 2005 H.A. Weaver, S.A. Stern, et al. 64,780 44-130 38.206


Eris - 1 Moon

yeardiscovered discoverer distance fromplanet (km) diameter(km) orbital period(days)

Dysnomia 2005 M.E. Brown, M.A. van Dam, A.H. Bouches, D. Le Mignant 30,000-36,000 ~300 ~14

Ceres - 0 Moons